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The Photographs of the Holy Land. 


The Needed liand=Book of the Bible, 


Taking the Reader in a Few Minutes over the Pathways of Jesus, showing the Most Wonderful Land 
of History as it is To=day—Connecting with these Scenes the Great Events of Sacred History. 


A Complete Tour of Palestine. 


A Trip from Joppa—Through Jerusalem and its Wonders, Through the Scenes of Christ’s Birth and 
Ministry—Bethlehem, Nazareth, Bethany, and the Cities of Galilee—Through Damascus 
and the Ruins of the North, Through the Weird Mountains of Sinai and 
the Scenes of Old Testament Glory. 


A Photographic Panorama of Sacred History. 


Reproducing the Exact Scenes of the Great Events of the Bible—The Tomb of Abraham, the Well of 
Jacob, Sinai, the Dead Sea, Tombs of David and Absalom, Pools of Solomon, Shechem, the 
Battle=fields of Israel, Many Views of Jerusalem—its Walls, Gates, Streets, Mosques, 
Churches, People, Sacred Spots, and the Many Hallowed Places Outside the Walls 
—Gethsemane, Golgotha, Mt. of Olives, Pool of Siloam, Jericho and Jordan. 


A Perfect Picture of the Land of History and Hope. 

PUBLISHED BY 




358 Dearborn Street, 


Chicago, III. 


723 Chestnut Street, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 



^)S 1 ^ 

5 



Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1894, 
By D. B. SHEPP, 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 


All rights reserved. 



PRESS OF 

ALFRED M. SLOCUM CO. 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 




PREFACE 


OFTY mountains, noble rivers, fascinating landscapes, historic buildings, incite admiration and 
awe ; but a view of the old homestead and the scenes of early childhood begets tenderest and 
happiest thoughts. We want to behold the sublimest scenes of Nature once, but we want to 
see the place where we were born every year. The little house of our nativity is more fascinating 
than the Alps in the golden glory of sunrise or Niagara in the crystalline splendors of winter. 

P 

No wonder, then, that the race ever turns with intensest interest and tenderest memory 
towards the birth-place of its dearest hopes, the home of its Saviour. Palestine is the Bethlehem 
of the world—the country in which was born the religion that has made possible the glory 
of this nineteenth century. To it the wise=men not only of the East but of all lands came, guided by the star of 
Revelation, and bringing the rich gifts of eager, earnest, trained minds—bearing back to the nations visions that 
make more real the life of the Divine Son of Mary, who baptized its barren mountains with His tears and 
stained its rugged paths with His blood. 

Books descriptive of this wonderful land have been multiplied indefinitely. This volume is a new departure. 
The magnificent photographs herein contained bring to the mind, as no word pictures can, accurate conceptions of 
the places associated with Bible history. It is at once steamship, money and guide to the American home, carrying 
all the members of the family to the very spots where Jesus was born, taught, suffered and died. 

Thousands who have been held back by the multitude of inconveniences and dangers attendant upon a pilgrim¬ 
age to the Holy Land will eagerly grasp this volume ; and, with wife and children, linger at the manger of Bethlehem, 
sit beneath the olives of Getlisemane, silently walk the Via Dolorosa, triumphantly climb the Mount of Ascension 
It will thus fulfil its highest mission as the handmaid of the Bible ; indeed it is a series of illustrations of the Bible 

(1) 





2 PREFACE. 

drawn not by the hand of man, but by the hand of the Creator, made visible on these pages by the strange chemistry 
of His sunbeams. 

Therefore, not only to those who are for various reasons prevented from making the sacred pilgrimage will this 
volume be indispensable, but also to those who have beheld the scenes here photographed and who desire to describe 
them to their friends. We recently heard a traveller endeavoring to describe to a company the Valley of Jehoshaphat. 
Realizing the inadequacy of words, he suddenly exclaimed, “Oh! if I only had a photograph here that I saw a 
few weeks since, I could make it plain to you in a moment.” We have carefully arranged these views so that to one 
who has taken the pilgrim’s usual course they will form an unbroken reminiscence ; while to those who have never 
trodden t he sacred soil they will present a panorama of continued instruction and delight. 

Historical and geographical writers differ widely in their descriptions of the same country. This is peculiarly 
marked in regard to Palestine—m regard to which it is said that no two writers agree. Bearing this in mind we at 
once see the value of a photographic work. With true pictures of the valleys surrounding Jerusalem before us, even 
if the exact spots of great deeds in the life of Jesus cannot be identified, we know that somewhere on the soil now 
visible His mighty works were wrought. Indeed, unlike our own vast country, so contracted is the territory of the 
Holy Land, so marked its geographical features, that we rest assured that our camera has rarely failed to group the 
places truly sacred and historical—even if there be great controversy concerning the identical spots. 

Long and diligent study and research have given to the world an accurate and beautiful reproduction of 
Jerusalem as it was on the day of the crucifixion. Every detail in that most memorable event of the world’s history 
is so clearly delineated that with open Bible identification is sure. This charming panorama we add to this gallery, 
feeling that it completes our efforts to present a most comprehensive and reliable transcript of the land of history 
and hope. 

Among the most highly prized souvenirs in many Christian homes are pressed flowers and bouquets plucked 
from the hills and dales where Jesus once lived. We send forth this volume with the cherished hope that flowers of 
fact, bouquets of thought and experience, may be plucked from its scenes, to make brighter the pilgrimage to a Land 
of still better Promise—the New Jerusalem. 


CONTENTS 


JAFFA. 

View of the Harbor. 

The Bazaars,. 

RAMFEH. 

View of the City. 

Arabian Sheiks,. 

JERUSALEM. 

General View,. 

Jaffa Gate,. 

Russian Convent. 

Church of the Holy Sepulchre. 

Solomon’s Temple.. . 

Herod’s Temple,. 

Nero’s Temple,. 

Mosque of Omar (front view). 

“ “ (rearview),. 

“ (interior view, Dome of Rock), 

Mosque of El Aksa (exterior). 

“ “ (interior),. 

Rear of El Aksa (showing Mount of Olives), . 

Haram Wall (Roman Circles),. 

St. Stephen’s Gate,. 

Via Dolorosa. 

Ecce Homo Arch, .. 


JERUSALEM—Continued. 

V Station. (Via Dolorosa),. 

IX “ “ . 

Interior of Church of the Holy Sepulchre, . 
Church of the Flagellation (interior), .... 

Church of St. Anne,. 

Street Leading to Palace of Herod,. 

Benjamites, .. 

Golden Gate,. 

Wailing Place. 

Pool of Hezekiah. 

Street Scene,. 

OUTSIDE OF JERUSALEM. 

Valley of Jehoshaphat,. 

Tomb of Absalom,. 

Pool of Siloam, .. 

Village of Siloam (showing Mount of Olives), 

Tomb of David,. 

Hill of Evil Council,. 

Gethsemane (showing Mount of Olives), . . 

Inside of Gethsemane,. 

Brook Kedron,. 

Pool of Bethesda,. 

Jerusalem from Mount of Olives,. 

(U 


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20 

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CONTENTS. 


OUTSIDE OF JERUSALEM—Continued. 

Fountain of the Virgin,.44 

Damascus Gate,.45 

Tombs of the Kings.46 

Aceldama or Field of Blood,.47 

Caravan Resting on the Road to Jericho.48 

Jerusalem from Mount Scopus,.49 

BETHANY. 

View from Road to Jericho.50 

General View,. 51 

Road from Jerusalem to Jericho (showing the Plains of Jericho), 52 

Fountain of Jericho,.53 

River Jordan,.54 

HEBRON. 

Solomon’s Pools,.55 

Showing Mosque, covering Cave of Machpelah, .... 56 

Well of Beersheba.57 

SINAI. 

Range of Mountains,.58 

Mount Sinai.59 


BETHLEHEM. 

General View of Town.63 

View showing the Church,.64 

Church of the Nativity (interior). 65 

Chapel of the Nativity.66 

View from the Southwest,.67 

Rachel’s Tomb,.68 

Convent of Mar Saba.69 

Field of the Shepherds,.70 

The Dead Sea.. 

Bethel,.72 

SAMARIA. 

Distant View,.73 

Herod’s Colonnade.. 

Jacob’s Well,.75 

View of Ruins,.76 

SHECHEM. 

Showing Ebal and Gerizim,.77 

Mount Ebal.78 

Mount Gerizim,.79 

The Pentateuch.80 

Plain of Esdraelon,.81 

Convent on Carmel,. .... 82 


Kuzneh,.60 

Red Sea,.61 

Defile near Red Sea.62 


NAZARETH. 

View from the East,.83 

View from the West,.84 


(2) 











































CONTENTS. 


NAZARETH—Continued. 

Church of the Annunciation (interior),.85 

Fountain of the Virgin,. 86 

Mount Tabor,.87 

Mount of Beatitudes,.88 

Nain, .89 

Cana of Galilee,.90 

SEA OF GALILEE. 

Magdala,.91 

Town of Tiberias.92 

Site of Capernaum,.93 

Bethsaida.. 

Caesarea Philippi,. 95 

Source of the Jordan,.96 

Mount Hermon,. 97 

DAMASCUS. 

Distant View,.98 

Near View,. 99 


PANORAMA OF JERUSALEM ON 


DAMASCUS—Continued. 

Street called Straight,. 100 

Wall where Paul was Let Down.101 

Site of Paul’s Conversion.102 

Colonnade in Grand Mosque.103 

Bazaars,.104 

Falls on the Abana River,.105 

BAALBEC. 

Distant View of Ruins,.106 

Temple of Baal.107 

Temple of Jupiter.108 

Great Monolith,.109 

Monolith in Wall,. no 

Cedars of Lebanon,.in 


BEYROUT. 

View of Harbor,.112 

( 3 ) 

THE DAY OF THE CRUCIFIXION. 






























































































































































































































































































































































































































JAFFA, VIEW OF THE HARBOR.—No pilgrim to the Holy Land will ever forget his landing at Jaffa. The harbor is so shallow that vessels of considerable 
size cannot approach within a half mile of the shore. Hence passengers and baggage must be taken off in row-boats. The boatmen who handle the oars are very 
graceful and skilful. A short trip in one of their boats affords an excellent opportunity to study the peculiarities of this well-known seaport, while their quaint songs 
and rhythmic motion add greatly to the pleasure of the outing. Storms are very frequent here, sometimes preventing landing for days. The view of the city from 
the narbor is beautiful, the houses appearing as though built upon terraces, rising abruptly from the shore. Jaffa is one of the oldest cities in the world, some think¬ 
ing its name is derived from Japhet, son of Noah, and tradition says that Noah built the Ark here. The Bible reader looking at this harbor at once recalls Jonah 
i: 3, which tells us that Jonah “ went down to Joppa, and he found a ship going to Tarshish.” (i) 























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JOPPA. THE BAZAARS.— Joppa is a busy, noisy city, containing about 5000 inhabitants. About 300 of them are Jews, about 1000 Christians and the remainder 
Turks. The streets are so rough and narrow that a carriage cannot be used, while on foot one experiences great difficulty in avoiding the heavily-laden camels and 
donkeys, driven through the narrow lanes by ragged looking Arabs. The Bazaars or business marts are little more than encampments by the wayside, resembling 
the scene about the entrance to some large exhibition. Each vendor spreads out his wares upon the ground, and raising a canopy to protect himself from the sun, sits 
there with all the dignity of a millionaire merchant. The country about Joppa produces wonderful fruit, its oranges being the best in the world. This fruit forms 
an important part of the stock of these wayside merchants. It is a strange but delightful experience to the traveler, while passing through these dusty streets, to 
come face to face with these heaps of luscious fruit and taste for the first time the produce of the land where his Saviour was born. (2) 





















RAMLEH, View OF THE City.— From Joppa to Ramleh, the course lies through the plain of Sharon, one of the most beautiful and fertile in the Holy Land, abound¬ 
ing in fruit and beautiful flowers, although the rose of Sharon is no longer to be found. Approaching Ramleh, the most prominent feature is the square tower, now 
visible on our right. It is of Saracenic architecture and about eighty feet in height. From its top, looking back towards Joppa and the sea, is one of the most lovely 
views imaginable. The Ramleh of to-day is by no means an enterprising town, but its ruins give evidence of past grandeur and thrift, it is generally agreed that 
it is the ancient Arimathea of New Testament days, the home of Joseph who was so friendly to Jesus, it contains to-day a population of about 3000 people. During 
the crusades it was a place of special interest and the scene of some of the exploits of Richard the Lion-hearted of England. (3) 










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MODERN JERUSALEM.— The Jerusalem of to-day covers an area of about two hundred and nine acres. It is about two and a quarter miles in circumference. 
One can readily walk around its walls in less than one hour. The present population is about 50,000. Its glory is in the past and future, not in the present. The 
several hills upon which the ancient city was built are still distinguishable though the natural surface has undergone many changes. The present city is full of 
inequalities. One is ever ascending or descending ; there are no level streets. The houses are built upon mountains of rubbish, which are probably twenty, thirty, 
or fifty feet above the original soil. The first appearance of the city to the approaching traveler is a confused mass of rough stone walls, with here anil there a 
Moslem minaret pointing derisively toward heaven. The houses, generally, are without a single comfort of civilization. The streets are narrow and dirty and the 
people hard-featured and poorly clad. One must see this to realize the Saviour’s words : “ Behold, your house is left unto you desolate.” (5) 


















































































































































JAFFA Gate. —This is the way by which nearly all travelers approach the sacred city. Unfortunately the view from this approach is the least impressive, on account of 
the extensive buildings of the Russian Convent that rise up before us. However, one gets here his first real glimpse of the peculiarities of Oriental life. Here all nation¬ 
alities are mingled in indiscriminate confusion. All languages are heard, while lepers and beggars besiege one on every side. As we enter the gate our first glance is at 
the walls about us. These vary in height from twenty to sixty feet, according to the undulations of the ground. As we glance at them, we begin to realize why so 
much stress is laid in sacred history upon the gates of the city. They were to the walled city what the railroad depots are to our modern cities—the places where 
friends waited to greet one another or to say “ farewell.” As we stand at this entrance way we comprehend the full force of the Scriptural threat: “ In the seige, and 
in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thee in all thy gates.” (6) 
















RUSSIAN Convent.— Just as the traveler, approaching from Jaffa, reaches the summit of the hill from which Jerusalem is first seen, there rises immediately before 
him the extensive buildings of the Russian Convent, so situated as to conceal a large portion of the city from view. They stand on a ridge northwest of the Jaffa 
gate and are the best preserved and most imposing collection of buildings in or about the city. Within the walled enclosure are a church or cathedral, several hospices 
for men and women, and schools capable of accommodating at least a thousand pilgrims. From the church there is afforded a magnificent view of the city and 
surrounding country. A most interesting feature is a large shaft, near the church, cut from the rock, about 41 feet long and 5 feet in diameter. This group of buildings 
is sometimes called New Jerusalem. (7) 



























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HEROD’S TEMPLE.— Desiring to erect for himself an enduring memorial, Herod tore down the second temple and renewed it with larger dimensions and greater 
magnificence than that of Solomon. It was entirely unlike any of our great cathedrals. The enclosure, about half a mile in circumference, was a series of terraces, 
upon the highest of which the temple proper was built. The temple itself was 150 feet long, ico feet wide, and 150 feet high. It was constructed of large blocks of 
white marble, and the front was covered with plates of gold. The inner court was surrounded by a double enclosure and was subdivided into the COURT OF THE 
WOMEN, the COURT OF THE ISRAELITES and the COURT OF THE PRIESTS. The outermost enclosure was known as the COURT OF THE GENTILES and was 
surrounded by a high wall. Its porches were of exceeding beauty, the roofs being of carved cedar supported by Corinthian columns of white marble ; each column was 
a single stone about 40 feet in length. This tempie was destroyed by the Roman invasion, 70 A. D. (10) 
















NERO’S TEMPLE.—The Harem or sacred enclosure before us is surrounded by a wall 1601 feet long on the West, 1530 on the East, 1024 on the North and 922 on 
the South. The entrance is by eight gates on the West, the most prominent of which is known as the Gate of the Chain. The large structure in the background is 
the Mosque El-Aksa, supposed to have been built by the Emperor Justinian in honor of the Virgin. Some think that it was originally a Christian church. The 
structure near the centre is the one whose dome is the most prominent feature in the sacred city—the Mosque of Omar. It stands upon the exact site once occupied by 
Solomon’s Temple and later by the Temple of Herod. While every spot and stone within the Harem enclosure has been the subject of controversy, yet, after thorough 
investigation, we feel the assurance, as we stand before this noble structure, that we are on peculiarly sacred soil, and visions of its past glory unconsciously float 
before our minds. t 11 ) 













THE MOSQUE of Omar, Front View.— While this wonderful building—the pride of the Mohammedan—challenges attention by its own architectural claims, yet Its 
interest to the Christian lies in the fact that it stands upon the very site of Solomon’s Temple. Here is the famous Mount Moriah; here the threshing floor for which 
David gave the “fifty shekels of silver.” A hundred Scriptural facts associate themselves with this spot. The first story of the Mosque is a true octagon, about 170 
feet in diameter, lighted by 56 windows of stained glass, of wonderful beauty. This portion, 46 feet high, connects with the drum, 34 feet high, which contains 16 
windows. Upon this rests the magnificent dome, 70 feet in height, the most prominent feature of modern Jerusalem. Upon this is a graceful spire, crowned with a 
gilded crescent. The exterior is covered with marble of many colors, and porcelain tiles of strange patterns. As the sun bursts upon it, reflecting all the colors of the 
bow, one naturally thinks of the glory still brighter that once dwelt here. (12) 
















































MOSQUE of OMAR Rear View.—This structure is traced back to Omar, who captured Jerusalem, A. D. 636. It is stated that when he entered the city, refusing to 
pray in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, he sought the site of Solomon’s Temple. Having been led to the summit of Moriah, he removed with his own hands much 
of the filth that had accumulated, and commanded that a structure worthy of the wisdom of Solomon should be erected. With the followers of Mohammed this Mosque 
is next in sacredness to Mecca and Medina. When it was captured by the Crusaders they organized a special guard for its protection, called the KNIGHTS TEMPLAR. 
The most celebrated attraction within the Mosque is the rock which marks the summit of Moriah. According to the Mohammedan legend, this remains suspended in 
the air some feet above the summit of the mount. The Moslems believe that all the water on the earth flows from beneath this rock. Here also is the “ Noble Cave,” 
In which we are shown a marble star, which, we are assured, covers the entrance to HADES. ( T 3> 





























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DOME OF THE ROCK.—The Mosque of Omar is the most prominent building in the sacred city, and the sacred rock, situated directly under the great dome, is 
the most prominent feature within the building. It is a limestone formation, of a gray color, sixty feet long, fifty-five feet wide, and rising about five feet above the 
floor It is surrounded by twelve columns and by an iron railing. A canopy of silk is suspended above it. The footprint of Mohammed is pointed out in the rock, 
where tradition says that he last touched the earth when he made his heavenward journey. Also a mark made by the hand of the angel Gabriel is shown as one of 
the wonders of this sacred spot. But to the mind of the Bible student these pale into insignificance before the thought that here stood Abraham when he bound his 
son Isaac to the altar as a sacrifice. (Gen. xxii.) Here was erected the altar of burnt-offerings in both the first and second temples. 2 Chron. iv. 1. The 
Mohammedans believe that this rock remains suspended by a perpetual miracle, seven feet above the top of Mt. Moriah. 


















































MOSQUE OF EL-AKSA, Exterior.—This Mosque is regarded with quite as much reverence as the Mosque of Omar, and the two together are considered as forming 
one great temple. The name El-Aksa, the Remotest, is given to distinguish it from the other holy places, such as Mecca and Medina. There is some doubt as to the 
origin of this building ; but it is generally supposed to be identical, in site at least, with the magnificent Basilica, founded by the Emperor Justinian in honor of the 
Virgin Standing near the southwest corner of the Temple area, close to the southern wall, this mosque covers an area of 50,000 square feet. It is an oblong 
edifice' about 280 feet long and 180 feet wide. Facing the north the porch extends the entire breadth of the building, and is divided into seven sections by arches, 
supported by slender columns. It is paved with marble, and the steps leading to it are worn smooth by the feet of twelve centuries. It is richly ornamented in the 
usual Moslem style, with marble walks and floors, stained glass windows and Arabic gewgaws. (15) 





























MOSQUE OF EL-AKSA, Interior.—The Interior of El-Aksa consists of a grand nave, three aisles on each side and a transept surmounted by a dome. The interior of 
this dome and the space immediately under it, are richly decorated with mosaic work and marble casings. Beneath the dome is the pulpit of exquisitely carved wood, 
inlaid with ivory and mother-of-pearl. At the back of the pulpit is a stone reputed to bear the imprint of the footstep of Christ. Near here are two pillars tolerably 
close together ; the Moslems assert that only those who can pass between these columns ever reach Heaven. Here also is the Well of the Leaf, receiving its name from 
the circumstance that, centuries ago, one of the faithful descending to the bottom of the well to recover a lost bucket, found a door leading into Paradise, which he 
entered. Plucking a leaf from one of its trees, he returned with the memento which attested its origin by retaining its freshness. The door has never since been 
found, but the Moslems still look upon the well as one of the entrances into Paradise. (iC) 



















Rear OF EL AKSA—Mount OF OLIVES IN THE DISTANCE.— We here view the walls in the rear of the beautiful structure just described. The greatest interest 
to the Christian pilgrim centres in, not what is here visible, but rather in the wonderful subterranean archways beneath these walls, doubtless a part of the masonry 
of the old Temple, every stone and pillar bearing marks of the age of Solomon. According to Moslem tradition, upon the wall that is now before us, Mohammed, 
when he comes to’judge the world, will sit, and will stretch a thin cord across to the hill of Olivet. All must cross on this cord, each one bearing the burden of his 
sins. The guilty wilffall into the intervening gulf; the righteous will be upheld by an angel. In 1119 A. D., Baldwin II gave to his followers the beautiful structure 
of El Aksa. This gift was the beginning of the wealth of the famous Order of Knights Templar. (17) 































• 













- 







HARAM WALL (ROMAN CIRCLES).— What is known as the Temple area is an enclosure of between thirty and forty acres, surrounded by a wall from fifty to eighty 
feet high on the exterior, and from ten to fifteen on the interior, varying with the surface of the ground. The oldest portions of this wall are composed of large blocks 
of limestone, while the more modern portions are of lighter material and inferior workmanship. In the view before us the most casual observer can note the modern 
masonry in the more ancient arches ; but in many other portions it requires the trained eye and mind to detect the differences. The southwest corner of this wall, 
owing to the sudden descent of the ground, reveals some of the lower strata of stones. The chief corner-stone is believed to be the one placed there by Solomon when 
the first temple was erected. It is thirty-one feet in length, seven in width and five in height. To the traveler who can afford the time, these walls are among the 
most profitable subjects for study in the sacred city. ( l8) 


































































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4 

















































































ST. STEPHEN’S Gate.— Before us is the scene that greets the eye of the traveler as he passes out of Jerusalem by St. Stephen’s Gate. As the final scene in our 
Lord’s trial occurred in the Tower of Antonia, which was near this spot, it is more than probable that the executioners, instead of leading Jesus through the crowded 
city, led him out of this, the nearest gate. Therefore, while standing here we cannot be far from the true site of Calvary. We must be almost in the footprints of the 
fainting Son of God as he bore the cross to the scene of death. On the steep hill, just outside the gate, we are shown the spot where, it is said, St. Stephen suffered 
martyrdom, and “ fell asleep ” while calling upon the Lord “ not to lay this sin to their charge.” The spot is marked by a large limestone rock on the roadside, 
through which red veins are visible. There are some who believe that these veins were caused by the blood of the martyr. (19) 


















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CHURCH OF THE FLAGELLATION, Interior—Entering the Via Dolorosa from St. Stephen’s Gate and passing the house of Pilate, we come to this structure, whose 
name is significant. As we enter and examine, we see that most of the beauty lies in the altar and its surroundings, as here photographed. The Bible says that 
from the presence of Pilate “ the soldiers led him away into the hall, called Praetorium,” where among other indignities “ they smote him on the head with a reed, and 
did spit upon him.” This hall was probably a part of Pilate’s house, and, as the Church of the Flagellation is situated opposite Pilate’s house, and may have been 
connected once by an archway, we see why this spot is identified as the place where Jesus was so cruelly treated. It is well to note in this connection that a part of 
the pillar of flagellation is shown in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This holy object cannot be reached by the lips of the faithful. A monk stands near the rail 
and, touching the pillar with a long stick, stretches it towards the lips that are ready to greet it. ( 25 ) 














































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JEWS’ WAILING PLACE.— This place to which all travelers resort and from which they turn with sad feelings, is a small street, alongside a part of the original wall 
of Solomon’s Temple. It contains some very large stones doubly worn by the hand of time and by the lips and hands of those who worship here. Some of these 
stones are fifteen feet long and four or five feet deep. Hither the Jews constantly resort, but especially on Fridays, when large groups of them may be seen passing 
through their different acts of devotion. They seem to all have a portion of the Hebrew Bible in their hands. Sometimes they read in concert, sometimes responsively. 
Some repeatedly approach the stones and placing their mouths to the crevices, repeat, in mournful tones, some of the lamentations of Jeremiah. It is the saddest sight 
in all Palestine to behold the descendants of those who once ruled the land, crouching along the street and crawling beneath the shadows of their oppressors. History 
does not suggest a lesson more solemn than a Jew mourning over the stones of Jerusalem. (30) 





























THE POOL of HEZEKIAH.— Just inside the Joppa gate, surrounded entirely by dwellings, is this oldest fountain within the sacred city. Its muddy and contami¬ 
nated appearance leads one to look upon it more as a reservoir than a fountain. It is now used as a Moslem bathing place. It is one of the authentic landmarks of 
the city. In II Chron. XXXII: 30, it is said of Hezekiah: “ He stopped the upper water-course of Gihon and brought it straight down to the west side of the city of 
David.” So well did he accomplish this that the skill of explorers has not yet discovered the fountain of the Gihon. The Pool of Hezekiah is 250 feet long, 150 feet 
wide and about 18 feet deep. It is capable of holding water enough to supply fully one-half of the city. Usually it is seen with not more than six or eight feet of 
water. It is frequently noted that so well was the work of conveying water into the city done, that in all of the sieges of Jerusalem, no one within the walls ever 
suffered for want of water. ( 3 1 ) 














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VALLEY of JEHOSHAPHAT. —This valley contains the most sacred soil surrounding the great city. It opens a deep defile between the eastern walls of the city 
and the Mount of Olives. Its deep ravine unites it with the Valley of Gihon, some distance southeast of the city. Here, in the time of our Saviour, were gardens 
of pomegranates, oranges and olives. In the darkest depths rested Gethsemane, a sanctuary of grief. In this valley is the cemetery of the Jews. National love leads 
the descendants of Abraham to seek a place of burial within this vale. Before us, in the foreground, are three of the most prominent of the tombs. On the right is 
visible the tomb of ZACHARIAH. Strictly speaking, this is in no sense a tomb, having no internal chambers. It is a monument cut out of the solid rock, square, each 
side measuring twenty feet. In the centre is the tomb of ST. JAMES, in the form of a window, hewn out of the rock and supported by two columns. Behind this are 
extensive excavations. On the left is the tomb of Absalom, of which we shall take a nearer view. ( 33 ) 



















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THE VILLAGE of SlLOAM.— This is located on the easterly side of the valley of Siloam on the side of a steep hill known as the “ Mount of Offense.” Nearly all 
of its dwellings are grottoes or catacombs which were originally used as burial-places. In this cemetery of the living are found some hundreds of squalid Arabs. If 
you dare to peep within one of these strange houses, its inmate immediately raises a wild cry, that is taken up by his neighbors, until you feel that you have aroused 
a kennel of fierce dogs. As a background is the “ Mount of Offense,” or “ Hill of Scandal,” or “ Mount of Corruption.” These names are given because here 
Solomon erected altars to Moloch and Chemosh and offered sacrifices to them. (I Kings XI : 4-8.) Its natural desolation is equal to its name, no shrub or plant 
growing upon its summit. Not far distant from the village must have stood the town of Siloam, mentioned in Luke XIII: 4. In the valley below is visible the channel 
of the rill described by Milton, which has been identified with Isaiah VIII: 6. (36) 


















DAVID’S TOMB.— Just outside Zion Gate is a small Mosque, whose graceful minaret never fails to attract the traveler’s attention as he approaches the Holy City 
from the south. Beneath this Mosque is the reputed Tomb of David. Christians, Jews and Moslems agree upon this as the resting-place of the dust of Israel’s sweet 
singer. According to Josephus, Solomon buried his father here with great magnificence and pomp. Just before the Christian era the royal vault was plundered, 
3cco talents of silver being taken therefrom at one time, In Acts II: 29, Peter speaking of David says : " His sepulchre is with us unto this day.” A minute descrip¬ 
tion of the tomb cannot be given because Christians are denied the privilege of viewing it. One who was permitted to sketch it says: “ The tomb is apparently an 
immense sarcophagus of rough stone, and is covered by green satin tapestry, richly embroidered with gold. A piece of black velvet tapestry covers a door in one end 
of the room, which, they said, leads to a cave underneath. A little lamp, which is kept constantly burning, hangs in a window near by.” (37) 




























- 





















SUMMIT OF THE Hill OF Evil COUNCIL.— Rising from the southern extremity of the dark and gloomy valley of Gehenna, the sides of the Hill of Evil Council are 
everywhere covered with tombs, in which wanderers and refugees make their homes. Midway up the hill is the “ Potters Field,” bought with the thirty pieces of 
silver. This hill receives its name from the tradition that here, in the country house of Caiaphas, the Jews and the high priests conspired how they might take 
Jesus'and put him to death. On the summit of the hill is a little chapel, standing on the supposed site of the house where this secret meeting was convened. Near 
bv is shown an ugly gnarled and split olive tree, which the monks declare is the very tree upon which Judas hanged himself. While the tradition which makes this 
the site of that eventful meeting only dates from the fourteenth century, and while one smiles at these declarations of the monks, yet the desolation and unearthly 
gloom of all the surroundings constrain one to feel that he is on ground peculiarly cursed of Heaven. (38) 
















GETHSEMANE AND THE MOUNT of Olives.— Doubt and uncertainty may haunt us as we passthrough the streets and buildings of modern Jerusalem, but as 
we descend the steep road leading from St. Stephen’s gate, over the dry bed of Kedron, we feel assured that we are treading the very rocks pressed by the Saviour’s 
feet. Before us is the sacred enclosure of Gethsemane, probably marking the identical spot that was “ the scene of the crucifixion of His soul.” As to the identity 
of the Mount of Olives there can be no doubt. God made Mount Olivet—man built Jerusalem. It was to this valley and this Mount that Jesus habitually went alone, 
or with his disciples to meditate and pray. Somewhere in the range of country visible before us, he sat telling his disciples of the destruction of the Holy City, or 
relating to them the parables of the “ Ten Virgins” and the “ Five Talents.” The most unique memorial upon the Mount to-day is the building that marks the 
traditional spot where Jesus taught the Lord’s Prayer. It contains stones upon which the prayer has been written in many of the languages of earth. (39) 












































































































, ■ 







THE GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE.—No spot about Jerusalem is dearer to the Christian traveler than this sacred garden. It is inclosed with a high stone wall 
and has but one entrance, through a low doorway. The inclosure is about one hundred and fifty feet square, divided into four portions, each surrounded with a fence 
and planted with shrubs and flowers. Eight gnarled old olive trees stand within the garden. The monks in attendance say that they are of the time of our Saviour. 
They probably are the direct descendants of those beneath which Jesus suffered his intense agony. There are praying stations around the inside of the walls, each 
marked by a small picture. The monks show the cave of the Saviour’s agony, the rocky place where the disciples slept, and the very spot where Judas met the 
Master with the kiss of betrayal. Perhaps the most interesting and prettiest souvenir to be obtained in all Palestine is the little bouquet of flowers plucked in the 
sacred garden. Hard indeed must be the heart that does not melt with emotion, as it rests on this spot. (40) 























BROOK KEDRON.— This lies between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives and is the channel of the Valley of Jehoshaphat. It is now simply the dry bed of a wintry 
torrent, giving evidence of being occasionally swept over by a large volume of water. However, distinct murmurings are frequently heard of water flowing deep 
beneath the surface, and actual excavations have discovered this subterranean stream. It is probable that in earlier times, when rains were more frequent in Palestine 
the flow of this brook was much greater. The student of the Bible recalls that David crossed this brook in his flight from Jerusalem ; “ the King also himself passed 
over the brook Kedron,” II Sam. XV : 23. Still more vividly is recalled the narrative of the night of the betrayal, John XVIII : 1, “ He went forth with his disciples 
over the brook Cedron, where was a garden, into which he entered.” The dense foliage of the old olive groves along the bed of the brook make it a favorite resort for 
the inhabitants of the city during the heat of the day. As we rest here, we feel that Jesus must have spent many seasons of meditation and prayer in this same retreat. 

(4i) 























POOL OF BETHESDA. —Bethesda means house of mercy, or of the flowing water. The large reservoir called Birket Israil, within the walls of the city, close by 
St. Stephen’s Gate, situated northeast of the Haram, is considered to be the modern representative of Bethesda. It is 360 feet long, 130 feet broad and 50 feet deep. 
In the days of our Saviour it appears to have been covered, as St. John speaks of the “ five porches ” in which “ lay a great multitude of impotent folk, of blind, halt, 
withered, waiting for the moving of the water.” Here it was that Jesus said to the man who “ had an infirmity thirty and eight years,” “ Rise, take up thy bed and 
walk.” The place is now uncovered and half filled with rubbish, making it difficult to realize that this is the spot mentioned in John V : 4, “ For an angel went 
down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease 
he had.” (42) 

















JERUSALEM FROM MOUNT OF OLIVES.— From the summit of this mount the best possible view of the sacred city is obtained. The base of the mount is 1000 
feet from the city ; its summit about half a mile. It rises fully 130 feet above the level of Mount Moriah. The city seems to lie almost at one’s feet. The atmosphere 
is entirely free from haze, and the panorama visible is one never to be forgotten. The view eastward embraces Jericho and Bethany, the Valley of the Jordan and 
the distant mountains of Moab. The course of the Jordan, like a thread of green, can be followed until the water of the Dead Sea is visible. To the south the 
country towards Hebron reveals many interesting sights. The nearest and most prominent sights in the city are the buildings in the Harem enclosure. While 
walking in the midst of them one can scarcely obtain a true conception of their relative size and position ; but from this mount they stand forth clearly in all their 
beauty. (43) 



















FOUNTAIN OF THE VIRGIN.— At the base of Mount Ophel, an extension of Mount Moriah, near the village of Siloam, is a tunnel-like excavation, between twenty 
and thirty feet deep, called the Fountain of the Virgin. The water is reached by a double flight of steps, about thirty in all. It is connected by a subterranean 
passage with the Pool of Siloam. From the fact that its waters rise and fall at intervals, it has been called the “ Fountain of the Dragon,” the natives believing that 
a dragon lives somewhere in the cavern, who stops the flow of the water when he is awake. Some believe that the spring in which this stream has its source lies 
beneath the Temple area. Several legends account for the name given to the fountain Tradition says that here the mother of Jesus washed the clothes of her infant 
child. According to another view any one guilty of adultery who drank of this water would immediately die. When the virgin was accused of this sin she established 
her innocence by drinking of the fountain. (44) 
















DAMASCUS Gate.—B uilt ill the form of an elliptical arch and enclosed with huge iron doors, this bears the appearance of a prison. On either side are massive 
towers which show many signs of great age. These, as well as the wall immediately over the gate, are surmounted with turrets and battlements, giving to it the 
most imposing appearance of all the gates that pierce the walls of modern Jerusalem. The ornamentation gives every indication of Saracenic architecture, but it is 
probably built upon the very site of an older gateway. The famous northern road leads from its portals, and doubtless Saul of Tarsus, breathing forth threatenings, 
passed this way on his eventful journey to crush out of existence the followers of Jesus at Damascus. (Acts IX : 1-3.) Within the gate, formed by the towers, is a 
large gloomy prison-like chamber, from which a dismal stairway leads to the parapet. This is guarded by Turkish soldiers. (45) 




































































TOMBS OF THE KINGS.—These are about half a mile north of the Damascus Gate. Following the path down the side of the rock, visible on the left, we enter a 
doorway cut in the rock and find ourselves in an open area, probably fifty feet square. From one side of this is the entrance to the tombs. These we explore with 
lighted candles. They consist of chambers hewn in the rocks, with which other smaller chambers are connected at different points. The walls are entirely rough and 
unsculptured. They bear no inscription to assist us in identifying the spot. It is now generally believed that the bones of no kings rested within these caverns, but 
that they were prepared for the remains of Queen Helena, who was converted to Judaism about 48 A. D. According to Josephus she was buried here. The external 
architectural adornment of these rock tombs points to Roman times and renders it morally certain that they were not the burial-place of the Kings of Judah. (46) 



























■ 


































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. 










. 


















ACELDAMA, OR THE FIELD OF BLOOD.—On the steep, southern face of the Valley of Hinnom, near its eastern end, is the spot which has received the above name, 
because it was purchased with the thirty pieces that the betrayer of Jesus received, and because it is supposed to be the place where Judas took his own life. “ That 
field is called, in their proper tongue, Aceldama, that is to say, the field of blood.” (Acts I : 19.) It is better known to-day as the Potters’ Field. It was believed in the 
middle ages that the soil of this place possessed the rare power of reducing dead bodies to a perfect mould in twenty-four hours. The Empress Helena sent 270 ship¬ 
loads of it to Rome. The field is not marked by any boundaries and tombs are visible on all sides, some of them marking the resting-place of Crusaders, others of 
more modern pilgrims. Among them is a tomb called THE APOSTLES’ CAVERN, so named from a legend, that when the disciples “ all forsook him and fled ” the} 
came and hid themselves here. (47) 















RESTING ON ROAD TO JERICHO.—Before us is a traveling party taking their mid-day rest. The faithful and reliable camel, the patient beast of burden, is rapidly 
being supplanted by the horse and mule. The latter is now most frequently used to carry the tents, beds and provisions of tourists. The usual routine of a camping 
party passing through the sacred land, is an early morning start and continuous motion at a slow gate until noon. Then a stop is made and lunch served. Frequently 
from one to two hours are allowed for a restful nap. The afternoon journey is the most wearisome, the heat and dust and the manifestations of fatigue on the part of 
the animals adding to the discomfort. The shades of evening are gladly welcomed. Camp life here has many attractions to the rugged and healthy, but to the 
nervous the experience is often trying, sudden storms sometimes sweeping the tent from over the heads of its sleeping occupants. All these things but add to one’s 
conception of the homeless life of Him who had “ not where to lay his head.” (48) 











JERUSALEM—VIEW FROM SCOPUS.— The sacred city is elevated 2610 feet above the level of the Mediterranean, and 3922 feet above the Jordan. Occupying the 
summits of five hills and surrounded on all sides, except the north, by deep valleys, it is one of the best naturally fortified cities in the world. Indeed, according to the 
methods of ancient warfare, it was impregnable, but modern artillery would speedily crumble its walls. To the north, however, there is no natural obstruction to the 
approach of an enemy. The ground rises gradually to the summit of Scopus, from which we now view the city. This is a western projection of the Olivet ridge 
and is about a mile distant from the city. We cannot stand here and view the hills that rise around this wonderful centre of sacred history without remembering the 
words of Psalm CXXV : 2, “ As the mountains are round about Jerusalem, so the Lord is round about his people.” At the northwest corner cf the wall and facing 
Scopus, the celebrated tower of Psephinus was erected. It was seventy cubits high and afforded a sunrise view of Arabia and the sea. (49) 























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BETHANY - ROAD TO JERICHO. —As one passes over these ancient roads, pressed by the feet of more than ten hundred generations, the mind instinctively dwells 
upon the persons and events that made them famous. How many of the great characters of the Bible must have trodden this road! In the photograph before us, 
which affords an excellent view of the ruins of the once beautiful village that Jesus loved to visit, we see several human beings. The desolation is so great that 
often not an individual will be met in miles of travel. It was probably somewhere on this road that blind Bartimeus sat begging, and hearing that Jesus was passing 
by on His way to Bethany, began to cry out and say, “ Jesus, thou son of David, have mercy on me.” (Mark X : 47.) We are further told that immediately after 
he received his sight, he “followed Jesus in the way.” It is near to this road that tradition has fixed the spot where stood the barren fig tree which withered at the 
word of Jesus. (Matt. XXI: 19.) ( 5 °) 





















BETHANY. —Bethany is a little village on the side of the Mount of Olives, not quite two miles from Jerusalem. It lies on the road that leads down from Jerusalem to 
Jericho. The houses are built of stone, the materials used being the remains of former buildings. Its surroundings of olive, pomegranate, fig and almond trees form 
a pleasant contrast to the sterility of the hills nearer Jerusalem. All the interest in visiting Bethany is connected with the past. It inherits an imperishable name 
from its connection with the presence and miracles of Jesus. The traveller will see here an old tower, called the Castle of Lazarus, and near by the supposed tomb of 
Lazarus, reached by a flight of twenty-six stone steps, which brings us to a chamber about twenty feet below the level of the door-step. Here is also pointed out the 
house of Mary and Martha. (5!) 













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ROAD FROM JERUSALEM to JERICHO, Showing Plains of Jericho. —From Bethany to Jericho the road is the roughest and most barren in all the land. 
At times it seems positively dangerous. To the mind of one passing its weird, wild scenes, the parable of the good Samaritan is constantly suggested. In a peculiarly 
realistic way one goes “ down from Jerusalem to Jericho.” The extent of this descent is evident when it is remembered that Jerusalem is 4000 feet above the Jordan 
Valley. These wild and waste mountains and valleys are the “ wilderness ” in which Jesus wandered for forty days, while one of the highest mounts is pointed out 
as the summit from which the devil showed Him “ all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them.” (Math. IV : 8.) The Bible student will recall Joshua and 
his marching host and the walls of the city falling as the trumpets are blown. The desolation suggests Joshua VI: 26, “Cursed be the man before the Lord, that 
riseth up and buildeth this city Jericho.” The modern Jericho is a filthy Arab village, devoid of interest. (52) 











































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FOUNTAIN OF JERICHO. —This is one of the most beautiful and abundant springs in the land. It gushes forth from the base of a steep hill and flows in a rapid 
stream, six or eight feet wide, over a bed of pebbles, giving the pleasant music of running water, a sound rarely heard by the traveller in the Orient. The banks are 
densely covered with overhanging bushes, calling to mind the trout streams of our own mountainous country. This fountain receives its name from the impressive 
narrative of II Kings II: 19-22, “ And the men of the city said unto Elisha, Behold, I pray thee, the situation of this city is pleasant, as my lord seeth : but the water 
is naught, and the ground barren. And he said, Bring me a new cruse, and put salt therein. And they brought it to him. And he went forth unto the spring of the 
waters, and cast the salt in there, and said, Thus saith the Lord, I have healed these waters ; there shall not be from thence any more death or barren land. So the 
waters were healed unto this day.” - (53) 

















RIVER JORDAN. —This may safely be called the most famous river on earth. It is about 2co miles in length, with an average width of from ioo to 200 feet. Its 
current is very rapid and is frequently broken by rocks and cascades. The water is quite muddy, owing to the rapid rush over a clay bottom. The melting of the 
snows about Mount Hermon cause an annual rise of the water, often called the “ Swellings of Jordan.” Its banks are covered with long grass and reeds, interspersed 
with marigolds, anemones and beautiful clusters of the pink oleander, adding a peculiar charm to the sacred stream. But the Jordan is famous not for its physical 
features, for the rivers of Damascus are more beautiful; but for its wonderful historical associations. Here the leprous Naaman found a virtue that Abana and 
Pharpar could not impart. This stream, swollen into a torrent at the season of harvest, turned back to permit Israel to cross. Twice afterwards it divided for Elijah 
and Elisha. Here Jesus was baptized of John, while the heavens opened to ratify the sacred rite. (54] 



























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SOLOMON’S POOLS.— As one glances at the excellent masonry surrounding these beautiful bodies of water, it is hard to realize that it dates back to the day of 
Solomon. The probability, however, is that these were constructed in their present form by David’s son, although repairs have been made from time to time. In 
Eccles. 11 : 6 , Solomon says, “ 1 made me pools of water to water therewith the wood that bringeth forth trees.” The fountain which supplies them is concealed in the 
hill-side and is known as the “ Sealed Fountain of Solomon.” They are so constructed that the surplus water of the first runs into the second, and of the second into 
the third. The third or lower pool is the largest, being 582 feet long, 207 feet wide and 50 feet deep. The original purpose of tne pools was to supply Jerusalem with 
water. At the present time water is conveyed only to Bethlehem, although traces of the old aqueduct can be found leading to Jerusalem, a distance of about thirteen 
miles. ( 55 ) 












































MOSQUE COVERING Cave OF MACHPELAH. —The chief attraction in Hebron, alike to the Christian, the Jew and the Moslem, is the Cave of Machpelah. It is no 
longer a cave, but a Mosque of massive appearance but not pleasing. The traveller may only gaze at a distance, he dare not enter; the place being jealously guarded 
by the Moslems. Until the year 1862 admittance was positively forbidden to Jew and Christian. Then the Prince of Wales was the first to penetrate into this sacred 
and interesting place. As the royal party entered the silver gate guarding the tomb of Abraham, the priest ejaculated : “ O Friend of God, forgive this intrusion.” 
Here rest the remains of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob with their wives Sarah, Rebecca, Leah. Visitors will find the cracks and rents in the walls of the Mosque 
utilized as depositories of prayers to the Father of the Faithful, (56) 


























































































































WELL of BEERSHEBA.— Beersheba was the extreme southern limit of the country and one of the oldest places in Palestine. The first objects encountered by the 
traveller entering the land from the south are the Wells of Beersheba, seven in number, two large ones and five quite small ones. The largest, which is pictured before 
us, is about twelve feet in diameter and about forty feet to the surface of the water. The masonry reaches downward more than twenty-five feet. The stones about 
the mouth of this well, as is evident in the photograph, have been worn into deep grooves by the action of the ropes during the many centuries that have elapsed since 
Abraham. The name Beersheba, “ Well of the Oath,” is traced to the covenant between Abraham and Abimelech. “Wherefore he called that place Beer-sheba; 
because there they sware both of them.” (Gen. XXI: ji.) Here Isaac was reared, and here, in all probability, Abraham received the command to sacrifice him. 
Thither, from the wrath of Jezebel, in later days, fled the prophet Elijah. (1 Kings XIX : 3.) (57) 

































SINAI Range of MOUNTAINS.—These mountains consist of an innumerable multitude of sharp rocky summits, thrown together in wild confusion, rising to different 
heights, leafless and barren, without the least trace of verdure to relieve the stern and awful features of the prospect. The view from one of these summits presents 
a “ sea of desolation ” without a parallel on the face of the earth. The valleys between the summits sink into steep and narrow ravines, with almost perpendicular 
sides several hundred feet in height, forming a series of defiles that can be safely traversed only by the wild Arab, who has his habitation among these eternal 
solitudes. These mountains gradually decline northward towards the Red Sea, in which direction lies the great wilderness in which the Children of Israel with their 
flocks wandered for forty years. (Ex. X : 9.) If the barrenness then was such as it is now, they were sustained only by a continued miracle. However, it is believed 
from Gen. XLV 11 : 1, that this desert was once supplied with water and vegetation. Now no animal save the camel is able to pass over it. (58) 













MOUNT Sinai.—T he mountain from which the law was given is called Horeb in Deuteronomy, in the other books of the Pentateuch it is called Sinai. These names 
are now applied to two opposite summits of an isolated, oblong and central mountain in the midst of the Sinaitic group. It is about two miles in length from north to 
south and about one-third of this distance in width. Its elevation is about 7000 feet above the level of the sea. A deep and narrow defile runs around the entire base 
of the mountain, giving the impression that the Almighty had peculiarly separated this sacred mount. The wandering Children of Israel remained in Horeb nearly a 
yeat, during which time their theocratic government was fully established. God’s law was promulgated in terrible solemnity from this mount and committed to them 
as written by the finger of God. As we look upon its hallowed summit we hear the graphic description of the Word, “ And the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke 
of a furnace, and the whole mount quaked greatly.” (59) 













KUZNEH.— This is a beautiful temple, cut out of the solid sandstone rock in one of the picturesque defiles near Petra. It is the most interesting of all the sights visible 
around the historic Mount Seir. It is just opposite what Stanley says is the most magnificent gorge that he ever beheld. It is called “ Wady of Moses.” Some 
portions of this chasm are not more than twelve feet wide, while the perpendicular walls frequently rise to the height of 250 feet. A beautiful stream, overgrown with 
oleanders, runs through the entire length, while the overhanging vines, through which an occasional glimpse of the sky is obtained, render this one of the most 
charming walks on earth. At the end of this chasm, which extends a full mile, the Kuzneh bursts like a fairy vision upon the pilgrim’s view. Robinson says that 
the character of this wonderful spot, and the impression which it makes, are indescribable. (60) 






















THE Red SEA.—That portion of this great sea that is most interesting to the Bible student, is divided into two gulfs by the historic peninsula of Sanai. The western 
is known as the Gulf of Suez and is about 130 miles long with an average width of twenty miles. The eastern is the Akabeh, and is much smaller. Some conception 
of the rugged and rocky shore of the sea is obtained from the photograph. This sea possessed for many centuries the most important sea-trade of the Orient, the 
Egyptians and Phoenicians being foremost among its navigators. But that which has given to this body of water its greatest fame, is the crowning miracle of the 
exodus—the safe passage of Moses and his people, and the overthrow of Pharaoh and his army. Modern exploration has failed to find any ground for the rationalistic 
theory that Moses found a shallow ford and that an unusual tide overwhelmed Pharaoh. The miracle stands as one of the most wonderful of sacred history. The 
exact place of the crossing has never been satisfactorily identified. (61) 





















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BETHLEHEM—GENERAL View. —Next to Jerusalem, the scene of Jesus’ death, no spot appeals more directly to the heart of the Christian traveller, or gives birth 
to more holy emotions, than the spot where Jesus, the true bread of life, was born. Bethlehem’s authentic history begins with the death and burial of Rachel, 
(Genesis XXXV : 18-20.) Six hundred years later it was the scene of the romance of Boaz and Ruth. (Ruth IV : 13.) David was born here, and at the age of 
seventeen was anointed King of Israel, in honor of which it was called the “ City of David.” After years of oblivion, Bethlehem again emerges into far greater glory 
as the city where “ God was made manifest in the flesh.” The modern town consists of about 500 houses, the Church of the Nativity and the adjoining Convents. 
The clean appearance of the houses, and the general air of comfort, is a subject of remark to travellers. Bethlehem is thoroughly Christian in sentiment. Jesus 
reigns supreme in His native city. (63) 












































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BETHLEHEM—VIEW Showing THE Church. —This view of the ever memorable city of our Saviour’s birth gives us an accurate idea of the peculiarities of the 
landscape. The city is situated upon a narrow ridge which projects from the main range. From the summit to the surrounding valley the country slopes in even 
and beautiful terraces, giving one the impression that it is the workmanship of an experienced gardener. These terraces are overgrown with luxurious vines and 
olive trees. On the eastern brow of the ridge, a short distance from the town, stands the imposing collection of buildings, supposed to cover the spot of Jesus’ birth. 
They consist of the Church of the Nativity and three Convents. The church was erected by the Empress Helena early in the fourth century, and is considered one 
of the oldest monuments of Christian architecture in the world. However, only a small portion of the original structure remains. Some of the Corinthian columns are 
said to have once formed a part of the temple at Jerusalem. (64) 











CHURCH OF THE Nativity. —The first object of interest to anyone visiting Bethlehem, is the Church of the Nativity. Erected by the Empress Helena, at the 
beginning of the fourth century, it is the oldest monument of Christian architecture in the world. It consists of a central nave, with aisles formed by rows of Corinthian 
columns. According to tradition, these pillars were taken from the porches of the Temple at Jerusalem. The mosaics on the wall are said to date from the construction 
of the church. Some few are in good condition, but more tell the story of former beauty. The gold, the marble, and many of the mosaics which originally adorned 
the walls, have, at various times, been removed. Some of the columns, each a single stone, and remnants of the mosaics are clearly visible before us. (65) 






















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CHAPEL OF THE Nativity, Bethlehem. —The Chapel or Grotto of the Nativity is a cave in the rock over which the church is built. It is twenty feet below the 
floor of the church, and is approached by two spiral staircases. Descending by either staircase, we enter an irregular shaped vault, apparently hewn out of the rock, 
encased with Italian marble and decorated with lamps, embroidery, pictures of saints and other ornaments. At the east end is a recess where a marble slab in the 
pavement, in the centre of which is a silver star, marks the spot of Christ’s nativity. Around the star are inscribed the words in Latin, “ Here Jesus Christ was born 
of the Virgin. Mary.” Above the spot sixteen lamps are kept continually burning. In the recess, directly opposite the Chapel of the Manger, marks the spot cf the 
discovery of the wooden manger, now the property of the Church of St. Maria Maggiore, at Rome. The Altar of the Magi is said to cover the ground where the wise 
men of the East presented their gifts. (66) 






























BETHLEHEM—VIEW FROM THE SOUTHWEST? —This view of the town, which is second only to Jerusalem in sacred interest, gives us a conception of its streets 
and houses. The former are verv narrow, steep and often quite dangerous on account of the slippery character of the rocks. The latter number about 600 and are 
generally of a very substantial nature. Indeed there is an air of refinement and cleanliness that is quite rare in Oriental villages and cities. The inhabitants still give 
evidence of the war-like spirit and the ruddy beauty which characterized David. They are quite civil to strangers and seem more disposed to sell than to beg. The 
great majority of them find their occupation in the manufacture of crucifixes and models of sacred shrines. These are carved out of olive wood or wood taken from 
the Dead Sea, and find a ready sale among the pilgrims who wish something as a memento of the place where Jesus was born. The men of Bethlehem outstrip all 
others in claiming that nearly all the great events of sacred history transpired in the caves and grottoes about their town. (67) 






























































































































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RACHEL’S TOMB— Jacob and Leah rest together in the cave of Machpelah. The reasons that led Jacob to inter his beloved Rachel in a common field by the wav 
side are unknown to us. “ And Rachel died, and was buried in the way to Ephrath, which is Bethlehem.” (Gen. XXXV : 19.) It is somewhat remarkable that in 
after vears her remains were not exhumed and removed to the family tomb at Machpelah. Rachel’s tomb is a stone structure, about twenty feet square, having a 
round roof’or dome, and an open space or room next the road. The door to the tomb is locked, and through the large keyhole nothing is visible but the bare walls, 
and a wall partition’, extending half-way up, with a door at one end. The spot is wild and solitary, “ not a single tree spreads its shade where rests the ashes of the 
beautiful mother of Israel.” 






























































































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CONVENT OF Mar Saba.— This is a quaint and remarkable structure that no pen can accurately describe. It was founded by St. Saba in the year 439 A. D., 
and was probably then a single chamber excavated in the solid rock. It is now a combination of these chambers, connected in every imaginable way without any 
method or design. The whole structure is surrounded by a high wall, and the surrounding desolation makes it an ideal spot for one who would exclude himself from 
contact with human life. In addition to the high walls, two towers are noticeable, built upon the mountain side a short distance above the Convent proper. These 
were probably erected as watch towers to guard against sudden attacks of the Bedouins, whom the monks greatly dread. Among other curiosities within this strange 
labyrinth is shown a vault containing 14,000 skulls of martyred monks. No female is ever allowed to enter this convent, there being a tradition with its monks that 
the walls will fall the moment a woman enters its portals. (69) 



















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THE FIELD OF THE SHEPHERDS.—In which of the fields near Bethlehem the shepherds were watching their flocks on the eventful night of our Lord’s nativity, 
we can never positively know ; but, as we look about us, we know that the field is somewhere in this “ same country ” within the range of our vision. Tradition 
has fixed upon the field before us, which is enclosed by a stone wall and which contains a number of beautiful olive trees. The central feature of interest here is the 
GROTTO OF THE SHEPHERDS. This is a little subterranean church, containing a number of paintings. It belongs to the Greeks, who claim that it is the identical 
spot where the angel appeared and said to the shepherds, “ Fear not; for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people,” and where the 
glory of the Lord shone round about them. As we stand upon this sacred spot, we notice a charming little blue flower of stellar shape, growing at our feet. This is 
i called by the monks the “ Star of Bethlehem,” and is often plucked as a souvenir of the spot. (70) 


















THE DEAD Sea. _7 his strange L'oJv of water, which has attracted more scientific research than any other on earth, is forty-six miles long and eleven wice, with an 

average dentil of one thousand feet. It is nearly four thousand feet below the level of Jerusalem and fully thirteen hundred feet below the Mediterranean. It is the 
most drearv waste of all this desolate valley of the Jordan. But a few puny shrubs grow upon its shores, while its water supports no life. In the days of Josephus 
it must have been just the same, for he says, “ The shores are unfruitful, the waters very bitter and so dense that they bear up the heaviest things thrown into them. 

A medical friend compares the taste of the water to a compound of epsom salts and the tincture of quassia. To the student of the Bible this dreary waste of water is 
most interesting, because it marks the spot whereon stood the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, in regard to which it is said, The Lord rained brimstone and tire from 
out of heaven.” ’ This sea has no visible outlet and the great evaporation often enshrouds it in a heavy dark mist, making it an apt type of hell. (71) 
























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BETHEL. —This memorable place is situated about twelve miles north of Jerusalem, on the road to Shechem. At present a small Syrian village is all that marks the 
spot. The rocky character of the country is quite noticeable in the picture before us. We at once see that Jacob would have had no difficulty in finding the pillow of 
stone on which he rested his head the night of his glorious dream. It was on the adjoining hills that Abraham and Lot stood and surveyed the surrounding country before 
they separated. It was here that Jeroboam set up a golden calf. It was here that the bears destroyed the children who mocked Elisha. From our view, we can 
imagine what is literally true, that its roads are almost as hard climbing as a ladder, being steep and rocky; Both Amos and Flosea foretold that desolation should 
follow idolatrous rites here practised, and what was Bethel “ the house of God,” soon became Bethaven, “ the house of nought.” (72) 






























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SAMARIA—DISTANT View. —Ancient Samaria, which is so familiar to the Bible reader as the capital of the Kingdom of Israel, was beautifully situated on a circular 
hill, about 500 feet above the neighboring valleys. This is the hill which Omri, the father of Ahab, bought “ of Shemer for two talents of silver, and built on the 
hill, and called the name of the city which he built, after the name of Shemer, owner of the hill, Samaria.” (1 Kings X VI : 24.) Robinson says: “ It would be difficult 
to find in all Palestine a situation of equal strength, fertility and beauty. In all these particulars it has very greatly the advantage over Jerusalem.” It was upon 
this site that Ahab built a temple in honor of Baal. “ He reared up an altar for Baal in the house of Baal, which he had built in Samaria.” (1 Kings XVI : 32.) 
This was destroyed by Jehu. It was here that Naaman, the leper, met the prophet of Israel. Indeed this spot was peculiarly honored by the presence and deeds of 
Elisha. (73) 

















































































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SAMARIA—HEROD’S COLONNADE. —The site of the ancient city is the long ridge of a lofty hill, around which are extensive and beautiful valleys. The ruins are 
quite marked and of great interest. On all sides one sees evidence of a once charming and prosperous city; at the same time one instinctively thinks of the words 
recorded in Micah 1 : 6 , “I will make Samaria as a heap of the field, and as plantings of a vineyard : and I will pour down the stones thereof into the valley, and I 
will discover the foundations thereof.” Before us, in this view, are some of the columns of the beautiful colonnade, built in the time of Herod. About ioo of these 
columns still stand and are in an excellent state of preservation. They are about sixteen feet high and about two feet in diameter. Surrounded as they are, by 
ploughed fields, rough stone walls and orchards of figs and olives, they present a strangely sad appearance. The city was rebuilt in great splendor by Herod the Great, 
but to-day is as desolate a spot on the face of the earth as is the character of its builder upon the page of history. (74; 

















SAMARIA — JACOB’S Well. —Those who have made most careful examination and investigation agree that this is the well of Jacob, situated in the portion of 
ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph, quite near to the base of Mount Gerizim. Not far distant we note the tomb of Joseph. A church was once built over this 
well, but now only faint traces of the ruins remain. To reach the mouth of the well proper, we descend several feet into an arched vault about nine feet in diameter. 
The well is probably about seventy feet deep, containing considerable water. As much rubbish has fallen in, its original depth may have been much greater. It 
obtains its greatest fame from the fact that sitting here, Jesus, in conversation with the Samaritan woman, uttered the memorable words: “ If thou knewest the gift 
of God, and who it is that saith to thee, Give me to drink ; thou wouldest have asked of him, and he would have given thee living water.” And the woman 
answered, “ Art thou greater than our father Jacob, which gave us the well, and drank thereof himself, and his children, and his cattle?” (John IV.) (75) 



















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SAMARIA—VIEW of Ruins.— The present village of Samaria is quite insignificant, but on all sides the traveller comes into contact with ruins that tell the unmis¬ 
takable story of past wealth and greatness. It will be remembered that it was destroyed by the Assyrians, after having been once delivered, according to the word of 
the prophet Elisha. It was rebuilt by Herod the Great. Among the many interesting ruins, the Church of St. John commands the most attention. Standing upon 
a precipitous elevation of fully 100 feet, it was evidently a magnificent monument. The reputed tomb of John the Baptist is below the floor of the church, and is 
reached by a flight of fifteen steps. It is an excavation in the solid rock, about twenty feet square. Josephus tells us that John was beheaded in the castle of 
Machaerus, east of the Dead Sea, yet the belief that this is the spot of his burial is quite universal. (76) 












SHECHEM, NABLOUS.— Nablous is delightfully situated. It lies in the valley that runs between Mounts Ebal and Gerizim—a remarkably fertile valley, sparkling 
with fountains and streams of water, filled with the richest vegetation and foliage, and abounding in orchards of fruit trees and belts of olives. Nablous ranks as one 
of the oldest cities of Palestine. The city of Shechem, which is supposed to have occupied the same site, runs back in its history over a period of four thousand years. 
Shechem was rebuilt in the reign of the Emperor Vespasian and named Neapolis, or the New City, and this appellation has been corrupted into the Arabic Nabulus or 
Nablus, the present name of the city. Its narrow streets, its stone dwellings, its numerous bazaars, remind the traveller of Jerusalem ; but the streets are darker than 
those of Jerusalem, as the buildings project over them, imparting a tunnel-like appearance. ( 77 ) 




























MOUNT EBAL.— Mount Ebal (Mount of Cursing) is on the north side of the valley of Nablous. It is easy of ascent and the view from the summit embraces the 
mountains of Galilee, from Carmel on the left to Gilboa on the right. In connection with Ebal and Gerizim the scene recorded in Joshua VIII: 33, 34 will be recalled 
with interest. Near the eastern end, the valley is not more than sixty rods wide, and imagination pictures this as the spot where the assembled tribes were convened 
to hear the blessings and cursings read by the Levites, recorded in Deuteronomy XXVII and XXVIII. Owing to their relative positions the elevations form a 
natural sounding board, and travellers standing in the plain have been able to hear distinctly the utterances of friends on either mountain. (78) 


















MOUNT Gerizim.—M ount Gerizim (the Mount of Blessing) is nearly three thousand feet above the level of the sea. Extensive ruins cover the summit, regarded by 
some as the remains of the once grand temple of the Samaritans, and by others as portions of the great fortress here erected by the Emperor Justinian. Some 
massive stones are identified, by a legend, with the twelve stones that Joshua brought up out of Jordan as memorials of the miraculous dividing of the waters. Near 
here is a piece of rock, said to have been the altar of the great temple. Regarding it as sacred the Samaritans never approach it, save with uncovered feet. As the 
Moslem turns toward Mecca in the moment of prayer and the Jew toward Jerusalem, so does the Samaritan turn toward this rock in time of devotion. He claims it 
as the scene of the offering of Isaac, of Jacob’s vision, as the place where the Tabernacle was first set up, and where the Ark rested. None of these statements can 
be verified. On the west is the Mediterranean, on the north Mount Hermon, below to the east is the plain of Makhna, and beyond the mountains of Gilead. (79) 


































































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PLAIN OF ESDRAELON.— This historic valley, the great battle-ground of nations, is about twenty-five miles long and about twelve wide. Its northern and eastern 
boundary is formed by the well-known mountains of Gilboa, Hermon and Tabor. It is known in the Bible as the valley of Jezreel. (Joshua XVII : 16.) It was 
here that Sesira was overcome by Deborah and Barak. It was here, at the base of the mountains of Gilboa, that Saul suffered his last defeat at the hands of the 
Philistines. (I Sam. XXXI.) “ The Assyrian and the Persian, Jews and Gentiles, Crusaders and Saracens, Egyptians, Turks, Arabs and Franks have poured out 
their blood on this plain. Even Bonaparte achieved here one of his signal victories.” The soil of this valley is unusually fertile and capable of producing large 
crops of grain. It is watered by the famous river Kishon, a beautiful and rapid stream, running in a northwesterly direction. Large portions of the plain are over¬ 
grown with weeds, whose luxuriant growth suggests what man may yet produce from its rich soil. (81) 



















































































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THE CONVENT—CARMEL.—The Convent is a large building, simple in its architecture, consisting of two stories, surmounted by a dome. It is said to be erected 
over the cave in which Elijah sought shelter when Ahab sought his life. The fathers in charge are hospitable to strangers, not however refusing a donation to 
defray expenses. Carmel from earliest times has been closely allied with events in sacred history, but owes its chief celebrity to its connection with Elisha and Elijah. 
In early Christian times the caves and cells on and about the mountain were the abode of numberless hermits. Subsequently a monastery was built, which was 
utilized by Napoleon as a hospital when he beseiged Acre. After the retreat of the French the building was destroyed. Some time after when a monk, named Jean 
Battista, came on a pilgrimage to Carmel, only an altar and archway remained. He vowed to rebuild the Convent, begged for fourteen years, and the present 
building is the result of his labors. (82) 























NAZARETH, FROM THE East.— Nazareth is situated among the hills which form the southern ridge of Lebanon, just before they sink into the plain of Esdraelon. 
It is a pleasant spot, encompassed by fifteen marked hill tops, occupying the western ridge of a basin, which is one mile long and a quarter of a mile wide. It is a 
rich and fertile field in the midst of the surrounding barrenness. Nazareth is without an authentic history prior to the Christian era. Although a village of considera¬ 
ble size at the time of the Annunciation, we find no mention of it in the Old Testament or the Jewish writers. In the time of our Lord the term Nazarene was used 
as one of contempt, and at the present day the boys of the neighboring cities of Palestine accost the traveller with the greeting “ Nazrane” (Nazarene). The town 
presents a picturesque appearance. The houses, in some instances, seem to cling to the sides of the precipices, in others seem to nestle in the glens. Nazareth was 
the residence of Joseph and Mary and the scene of the Annunciation. (Luke 1 : 26, 27.) After the return from Egypt, it was the home of Jesus until He entered on 
His ministry. (Matt. II: 23.) (83) 











































• * 





NAZARETH—VIEW FROM THE West.— While to Bethlehem we give the honor of being the birth-place of Jesus, yet to Nazareth is due the greater honor of having 
given him a home for thirty years. It is just north of the Plain of Esdraelon, about seven miles from Mount Tabor and about fifteen from the Sea of Galilee. It is 
seventy miles north of Jerusalem. As the photograph shows, it is situated in a lovely little dell or valley, surrounded on all sides by hills about 800 feet in height. 
As we ascend these hills and view the beautiful panorama before us, we are constrained to realize that again and again Jesus must have climbed these same paths 
and viewed the same everlasting hills and mountains. History preserves no record of that portion of our Saviour’s life spent here, but imagination supplies us with 
many thoughts concerning his unwritten boyhood. It was concerning one of these steep hills before us that we read in Luke IV : 29, of the angry crowd that “ led 
Jesus to the brow of the hill, whereon the city was built, that they might cast him down headlong.” (84) 
















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NAZARETH, FOUNTAIN OF THE VIRGIN.— The Greeks, differing from the Latins in their identification of the spot where the Angel Gabriel saluted the Virgin Mary, 
have erected their Church of the Annunciation on the eastern side of Nazareth. Their belief is that Mary was standing by the fountain, drawing water, when she 
received the heavenly visitation. Over this fountain their church stands. It is * low, plain structure, containing a number of cleverly painted Bible scenes and an 
excellent picture of the Annunciation. From beneath the church the water flows through a stone archway to an outlet just below. The scene about the spot where 
the water flows into a stone trough is always animated and interesting. It is a favorite meeting-place for the young people of the town, and, at evening, they may be 
seen in numbers awaiting their turn to fill their vessels. No matter how little our faith in the belief of the Greeks, we are constrained to see that, as this is the most 
prominent fountain in the neighborhood, the boy Jesus must have frequently tasted of its waters. (86) 













MOUNT Tabor. —Mount Tabor is a beautiful hill, somewhat in the shape of a sugar loaf, flattened at the top. It stands alone on the plain, except where it is 
connected by an almost imperceptible ridge with the hills of Galilee. Its height from the plain is about 135 feet, and from the level of the sea 2coo feet. The southern 
face of the mountain is nearly bare, but the northern is clothed with a forest of oak. For centuries Tabor was identified as the Mount of Transfiguration, but later 
investigations demonstrated the impossibility of its being the site. The Greek Church has fitted up two or three vaults as a chapel, and here celebrate the Feast of the 
Transfiguration. From the summit may be seen the Sea of Galilee, Mount Hermon and the Plain of Esdraelon, also the towns of Nain, Shunem, Tiberias and 
Endor. It was here that Barak gathered his army. (Judges IV : 14, 15.) Here Gideon’s brothers were killed. (Judges VIII: 18, 19.) And later it became the 
scene of Israel’s idolatry. (Hosea V : 1.) (87) 















MOUNT of BEATITUDES.— Quite near to the Sea of Galilee, from whose shore it is plainly visible, stands this beautiful hill, which, at least from the time of the 
Crusaders, has been called the Mount of Beatitudes. It is also known as “ The Homs of Hattin,” from its resemblance to the two horns of a camel’s saddle. The 
hill is not more than ico feet high. On its summit is a beautiful plot of level ground, where tradition claims that Jesus delivered the greatest sermon ever heard bv 
humanity. The slopes of the hill are covered with beautiful flowers that might well suggest “ Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow.” To the north, on 
one of the highest mountains, is the old city of Safed, upon which Jesus may have looked when he spoke of “ a city that is set upon a hill that cannot be hid.” 
Tradition also associates the summit of this hill with the feeding of the five thousand. tMatt. XIV : 15-21.J It was here also that Saladin so signally defeated the 
Crusaders in July, 1187. ,gg, 





















NAIN.— This village, to which the great miracle of our Lord has given unperishable fame, is now but a little group of small houses at the foot of Little Hermon, about 
three miles south of Tabor and about twenty from Capernaum. It is clearly visible from the hills of Nazareth. On the hill-side a little to the east is Endor, where 
dwelt the witch to whom Saul went just before the fatal battle of Gilboa. Just outside the village of Nain is the present burial-place where are visible rock-hewn 
tombs of great antiquity. The path from Capernaum to Nain passes by these tombs, which, in all probability, were in use in the days of Jesus. It was, doubtless, 
to this place that the procession was bound that carried the body of “the only son of his mother,” when Jesus, with deep compassion for the widow, brought the 
young man to life and delivered him to his mother. (Luke VII.) (89) 






































CANA of Galilee.— Cana of Galilee will always be impressed upon our minds as the place where Jesus blessed, by His presence, the institution of marriage. The 
first Christian wedding recorded in John II: i-ii, was celebrated here, and Jesus being one of the guests, performed his first miracle, when “ The modest water, awed 
by power divine, confessed its God, and, blushing, turned to wine.” It was here the Saviour was met by the “ nobleman of Capernaum, whose son was sick,” and 
though the sick lad was twenty miles distant, He healed him, and said to the father, “ Go thy way ; thy son liveth. (John IV : 46-54.) Nathaniel the disciple, in 
whom there was no guile, was a native of Cana. (John XXI: 2.) The ruins of some ancient buildings may still be seen, and some few tolerably respectable modern 
structures. There is, however, the same marked absence of thrift, neatness and comfort, so noticeable throughout Palestine. In the Greek church is shown one of 
the traditional water pots, “ containing two or three firkins apiece.” (John II: 6.) (90) 































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MAGDALA— On the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, at the southeast corner of the Plain of Gennesaret, is Mejdel, corresponding with Magdala, where Mary 
Magdalene was born. Eighteen centuries ago it was a large and thriving town, but at present it contains but about twenty huts. Around the hovels are old founda¬ 
tions and heaps of rubbish. There is on the outer edge of the town the remains of a stone building, which bears evidence of once having been beautiful. After the 
rainy season the dwellings are so infested with fleas, scorpions and centipedes as to render them unendurable, and booths of rush and cane are built upon the house 
tops for temporary shelter. The Bible student will recall that after the miracle of the loaves and fishes Jesus “ sent away the multitude, and took ship and came 
into the coast of Magdala.” (Mark VIII: io.) (oi) 

































TOWN OF Tiberias.— Four miles from the southern end of the Sea of Galilee, stands the once imperial city of Tiberias. It was founded by Herod Antipus. the 
murderer of John the Baptist, a few years before Christ began His public ministry. Jesus was often near this city, but it is uncertain whether He ever entered it. It was 
built on a spot formerly occupied as a cemetery, consequently the Jews were not willing to enter it, as contact with a dead body rendered them ceremonially unclean. The 
modern Tiberias is not so large as the ancient city. The walls were shaken, and nearly destroyed, by an earthquake in 1837, when half of the inhabitants perished. 
The population is over three thousand, nearly two thousand of whom are Jews. The Greek church close by the lake, dates from the time of the Crusaders, being' 
rebuilt in 1869. The Jews’ burial-ground is a sacred spot with Jews everywhere, as here are buried the most celebrated of their modern men. About a mile south of 
the town are the Hot Baths, supposed to be an infallible cure for rheumatism. The ruins of the ancient town stretch for some distance along the shore. (92) 

























































































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SITE OF Capernaum.— At the commencement of the Christian Era, Capernaum was a large and prosperous city; but is indebted to the presence and work of 
Jesus for its present renown. At Nazareth he was “brought up,’’ but Capernaum is pre-eminently His “own city.” Here He chose Matthew. (Matt. IX: 9.) 
Here He worked the miracle on the centurion’s servant (Matt. VIII: 5', on Simon’s wife’s mother (Matt. VIII: 14), the paralytic (Matt. IX : 2-9), and the man afflicted 
with an unclean spirit (Mark I: 23). In the synagogue here was spoken the wonderful discourse of John VI. Here He gave forth the parables of the “Hidden 
Treasure,” the “ Merchant seeking goodly pearls,” and of the “ Net cast into the sea.” Who can wonder at the judgment pronounced upon a city so highly favored, 
whose citizens so persistently rejected Him! The prediction of Matt. XI: 23, 24, has been verified until at present even its site is a question of debate. (93) 





















SITE OF BETHSAIDA. —Bethsaida was evidently quite near to Chorazin and Capernaum. Ancient authorities mention these towns and Tiberias as lying on 
the shores of the lake. Originally called the “ House of Fish,” as significant of the occupation of its ancient inhabitants, Bethsaida will ever live in our 
minds as the birthplace of five apostles. Here Peter, and Andrew, and James, and John, and Philip spent their childhood and engaged in their calling as fishermen. 
Here no doubt is the scene of the miraculous draught of fishes, which astonished the disciples, while convincing them of Christ’s divinity. Every inch of the ground 
from here to the Jordan is full of intense interest, and the traveller feels he is literally following in the footsteps of Jesus. But the “ woe ” has fallen upon Bethsaida. 
Rejecting the light, she has fallen with her sister towns. “ Woe unto thee, Chorazin ! woe unto thee, Bethsaida ! for if the mighty works, which were done in you, 
had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes.” (Matt. XI: 21.) (94) 
























C/ESAREA PHILIPPI.— This village is situated in a valley at the foot of Mount Hermon. It was a city of considerable importance, in Christ’s time, but since then 
has met with many changes. The grand buildings have all been destroyed, the modern village of Banias consisting of only fifty or sixty houses and one or two 
shops. It was first called Panium or Paneas, in honor of the heathen god Pan. Philip, son of Herod the Great, enlarged and beautified the place, changing its name 
to Cresarea Philippi. Afterwards it was called Neronias, in honor of the tyrant Nero. Still later it became known as Caesarea Paneas, a name which is preserved in 
the modern name of Banias. Ccesarea Philippi was the farthest point north reached by Jesus during His earthly pilgrimage. The greatest interest the traveller feels 
in visiting Banias is, that by almost universal consent it is regarded as the scene of the Transfiguration. (9;) 




















SOURCE OF THE RIVER JORDAN—BANIAS.— One of the principal objects of interest in connection with Banias, is the great fountain, which is one of the principal 
sources of the Jordan. It bursts out in a series of streams, and, forming a large basin, flows hence in one good-sized rivulet. As the water from the fountain flows 
through the plain and valley near Banias it renders the land very fertile. Behind it rises a steep red limestone cliff, in the face of which is a cave or grotto, the 
Panium or sanctuary of Pan, from which the town took its name. On the face of the rock may be seen niches, with Greek inscriptions, recording the sacred history 
of the grotto. On the summit of the cliff, Herod the Great erected a splendid temple of white marble, in honor of Augustus. The ruins of this temple are entombed 
in the grotto, except a fragment clinging to the rocks above, dedicated to a Moslem saint. (96) 





















MOUNT HERMON.— The name HERMON means PROMINENT, and this mount is a very conspicuous object to all travelers through the nortn of the Holy Land. 
However but few have attempted to climb to its snow-crowned summits. We say SUMMITS, for it has three peaks about a quarter of a mile distant from one another. 
It is the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon range and at its foot lies the northern city, Dan, and the springs of the Jordan. It is probably io,oco feet above the sea, 
and from its top is the most commanding view in all Palestine, the entire land, from the Mediterranean to the Sea of Galilee, being visible. There is here found the 
ruins of an ancient place of worship, supposed to be one of the high places whereon Israel engaged in the idolatrous worship of Baal. The DEW of Hermon is pecu¬ 
liarly excellent and abundant (Ps. 133 : 3). Tents and blankets do not keep it from drenching the traveler. The opinion is held by many that Hermon was the 
scene of our Saviour’s Transfiguration, as this event is mentioned in connection with Caesarea Philippi, which is near by. (97) 













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DAMASCUS, Distant View.—The first impression as one catches a glimpse of this charming spot from the distant mountains is : I am now looking upon the oldest 
city in the world. Damascus seems to have an undisputed right to this title. We know that it was already a noted place in the days of Abraham, 2000 years before 
Christ. “ The steward of his house was Eliezer of Damascus.” This impression OF ITS ANTIQUITY soon yields to even a stronger impression of its beauty, 
whether viewed from distant Hermon or Lebanon, or from its immediate surroundings, it at once confirms the story that you have read of Mahomet, that on first 
beholding it he turned away and refused to enter it, saying, that “As there was but one paradise, he was resolved not to have his in this world.” It lies in the midst of 
an extended plain, well watered by the pure streams of Abana and Pharphar. In the view before us, looking at the city from the west, the tombs, which are necessarily 
so abundant in these ancient cities, are prominent in the foreground. (98) 























DAMASCUS, Near VIEW. —Viewed from the distance, Damascus has such a romantic appearance that one is justified in calling it the “ Garden of Eden but the 
enchantment that distance lends is, to a great extent, dissipated as one enters the narrow and irregular streets. It is pre-eminently an Oriental city. There is visible 
little or no effort to imitate western customs. The marble minarets, crowned by glittering crescents, are the first objects to attract attention; then the many white 
buildings that stand out in beautiful contrast to the surrounding gardens of deep green. Having noted the main features of the city the mind naturally goes back over 
the many ages and scenes and characters identified with this oldest city on earth. Josephus considers it older than Abraham. Shakespeare refers to the story that 
the murder of Abel took place here. Many are the Bible allusions to it. The most superficial student will at once associate with it the familiar history of Naaman, 
the leper, and his language concerning its beautiful rivers, and the conversion of Paul and his subsequent preaching in its synagogues. (99) 






































































































































































































































































































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WALL WHERE PAUL WAS LET DOWN.— As we stand studying this historic wall, we see, as never before, how easily Paul could have escaped without being 
observed from the city, and how Rahab succeeded in making good the escape of the spies (Joshua 11 ). The lower portion of this wall gives every evidence ot 
antiquity, and there is no reason to doubt that it is the same that stood 180= years ago. The upper portion is of more modern build and far inferior. Upon the 
wall is erected, after the custom of the city, a modern dwelling, extending somewhat beyond the line of the wall, containing window's from which escape could readily 
be effected. As we note all this we read with new interest Acts IX : 25 : “ Then the disciples took him by night, and let him down by the wall in a basket” 
This spot is near the house of Naaman, the leper, and the gate called the “ Gate of Peace. ’ (101) 




















SITE or PAUL’S CONVERSION.— Traveling from Banias to Damascus, the way lies through a wearisome desert until the old Roman road is reached. Here a 
number of pilgrims are congregated, engaged in different acts of devotion. It is the traditional site of the Paul’s wonderful vision as he approached Damascus to 
prosecute the followers of Christ. “ As he journeyed, he came near Damascus: and suddenly there shined round about him a light from heaven : and he fell to the 
earth.” (Acts IX : 3, 4.) The mound visible before us is a portion of the old road-bed, consisting of firmly embedded pebbles. The sides have been lowered by pilgrims 
who have taken the pebbles to preserve as relics of this sacred spot. It is considered a great act of devotion to fall prostrate upon this honored spot, or even to touch 
the shoulder to the pebble bank. There is an arch-like excavation in the bank, resembling a tunnel. Through this the superstitious pass, rubbing their bodies against 
its sides. (,ic2) 




















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DAMASCUS, Bazaars.—A visit to Damascus would be incomplete without a study of the Bazaars. While in the extent and quality of the goods offered, they 
cannot be compared with the market-places of many other cities, yet there is a variety and novelty that charm the visitor. There are no home-made fabrics of fine 
quality displayed. Among the lost arts of Damascus is the manufacture of the splendid silk damask, interwoven with gold. The manufacture of the celebrated 
Damascus swords no longer exists. The weapons offered for sale are of inferior quality. The most ingenious displays are those made by the saddlers. As the 
Arab pays more attention to the adornment of his favorite steed than of his own person, the saddler finds a ready market for his cunning workmanship. The different 
shops are peculiarly open to the public, and if one be purchasing a suit of clothes or a pair of shoes, all the loungers crowd around and offer suggestions and advice 
concerning the fit. As an illustration of the mental indolence of the Orient we noted that not a book-store could anywhere be found. (104) 




















FALLS ON THE ABANA River.— The Fountain of Fijeh is the principal source of the Abana. There is an old temple in ruins above the spring at the base of which 
is a cave from which the Abana leaps, foams and roars as it descends to a confluence with other streams, when at once it becomes a rapid torrent. Cutting its way 
through the mountain, its channel widens and deepens, and from its bed rise cliffs icco feet high and white almost as the snow of Hermon. Whether we consider the 
beautiful blue tinge of its waters, their fertilizing power, or the beautiful scenery surrounding, the Abana is deservedly the most famous of Syrian rivers. One thor¬ 
oughly sympathizes with Naaman, as he says : “ Are not Abana and Pharphar, rivers of Damascus, better than all the waters of Israel?” (11 Kings V, 12). (105) 

























































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BAALBEC— DISTANT VIEW of RUINS.— These extensive ruins have been the wonder and admiration of pilgrims from all parts of the world. Situated in a beautitul 
and fertile plain, between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains, Baalbec, before the time of our Saviour, was a large and prosperous walled city. Now it is but 
a puny village, entirely destitute of life or comfort. All the interest of the traveller centres in the ruins, which present the finest possible specimens of all that is 
beautiful and ornate in architecture and sculpture. Remnants of Jewish, Doric, Tuscan and Corinthian architecture are found, giving plausibility to the theory that 
portions of these structures were erected at different periods of the world’s history. The ruins proper cover an area of about 900 feet in one direction by about 500 
in another. The Arabs attribute these buildings to Solomon, and believe that a portion of his great wealth lies buried beneath them. The trained eye sees in them 
a peculiar blending of the civilizations of Asia and Europe. (106) 
























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BAALBEC, TEMPLE of JUPiTER. — This temple is still in a fair state of preservation, and one can trace the different portions with satisfaction. It is a wonderful 
monument of ancient art. It is 230 feet in length by 120 in width. The Corinthian columns are sixty-five feet in height, the diameter at the base being six feet three 
inches, and at the top five feet eight inches. Many of them still remain standing. The ceiling of the portico is composed of immense stones which reach from the 
entablature to the walls of the main building. On the under side of these are carvings of gods and goddesses, fruits and flowers. The carvings within the building 
itself are very intricate and beautiful. One sees many patterns used in the public buildings of this present age. Around the walls are recesses for statues, which at 
one time were probably filled with exquisite works of art. The temple has suffered much from the mutilating hand of the Moslem, but even more from the tremendous 
earthquake of 1750. 




















































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BAALBEC, Great MONOLITH.— Taken as a whole, the ruins of Baalbec are among the grandest in the world. Nowhere is there evidence of more exquisite 
workmanship. T<3 an antiquarian they are the study of a lifetime. But to many the greatest wonders connected with these ruins are the gigantic stones. Before 
us is one lying in the quarry, whence it had been hewn. It measures sixty-nine feet in length, thirteen feet in breadth and thirteen feet three inches in thickness. 
It contains about 14,000 cubic feet and must weigh about 1100 tons. It is accurately squared and trimmed on three sides, showing that it was the custom of the 
people to dre^s the stones while quarrying them. There has been much speculation as to how stones like this were quarried and moved to their positions, but no 
satisfactory theory has been advanced. There is a peculiar absence of inscriptions in connection with all these massive ruins, hence we are left in much doubt and 










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BAALBEC, MONOLITH IN Wall.— Even more wonderful to many than the ornate ruins of the temples, is the masonry of the outer walls of Baalbec. Here are the 
three largest stones ever used in architecture. A conception of them is obtained from the view before us. One of these is sixty-four feet long, another sixty-three feet 
eight inches, and the third sixty-three feet. Each is thirteen feet high and thirteen feet thick. To these dimensions must be added the fact, that they have been built 
into the wall fully twenty feet above the ground, and the further fact that the quarry from which they were taken is fully a mile distant. Those who identify Solomon 
with the buildings of Baalbec, connect these stones with the narrative in 1 Kings VII: “ And the foundation was of costly stones, EVEN GREAT STONES, stones of 
ten cubits, and stones of eight cubits.” The Arabs believe that Solomon was a magician, and by a magic word, moved these giant slabs. (no) 
































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BEYROUT.— This is one of the most pleasant cities in our entire journey. It contains about 70,000 inhabitants, most of whom seem to be thrifty and industrious, living 
in commodious and comfortable houses, keeping the streets reasonably clean and doing business in a fairly honest way. In passing through the business streets we are 
at once impressed with the variety of sects and creeds resident here. Three days in the week are kept as Sabbaths : Friday by the Moslems, Saturday by the Jews, and 
Sunday by the Christians. Besides, the Greeks and Armenians keep so many Saints’ days, that almost every day in Beyrout is a holiday. The various garbs 
worn by the different sects and the medley of languages spoken, make a walk through the streets of this city an experience never to be forgotten. This city gives 
more evidence of life and growth than any that we have met in our journey. It has yielded to European civilization and contains flourishing mission schools, while 
printing presses send out books in the Arabian language. ( II2 ) 
















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PANORAMA of Jerusalem, THE Day of THE CRUCIFIXION.—In this panorama, we are brought face to face with the central fact of the Bible, the most impor¬ 
tant event of history. The most careful and critical study has given to us this reproduction of the scene of the Lord’s Crucifixion. The best scholarship accepts the 
knoll of rock, not far from the Grotto of Jeremiah, as the actual spot of this wonderful death. This knoll is near to the great northern road and is about 300 feet 
distant from the north wall of the city. It is an elevation of about sixty feet, and greatly resembles a human skull partly buried. In our introductory view we stand 
northwest of the city walls and look out towards the Mediterranean Sea, which Is about thirty-five miles distant. On the left are the ruins of an extensive caravan¬ 
sary. The olive trees in the distance seem to have a troubled look, as though even Nature were in sympathy with the agony of her Lord. 


VIEW NORTHWESTWARD FROM Jerusalem. —We are standing ill the same position as in the previous view. We turn our eyes northwestward and behold 
this stretch of country. The Damascus road, the great thoroughfare to the north, leads off to the right. On our left, in the foreground, is a typical flat-roofed 
shepherd’s cottage; tiie inmates seated upon the roof are discussing the event of the hour and looking towards the scene of blood. In the far distance is a dome- 
topped building, the ancient Roman Guard House. There is nothing peculiarly beautiful in the scenery here, but the Christian holds this soil as sacred. Men of all 
sects and nationalities tread these rocks and dales with reverence. At this time, Calvary or Golgotha was the foulest spot about the great city. It was the place of 
general crucifixion, the form of death most detested, as Christ died the most ignominious of deaths, lie died in the place most infamous : vethis death has transformed 


VIEW NORTHWARD FROM Jerusalem. —From the same Standpoint we now take a nearer view of the memorable scene of Golgotha. In the foreground is an 
arch covering a well; in the distance is a large caravansary or inn. These buildings were constructed with a large inner court for the accommodation of entire cara¬ 
vans. All about on the rocks we behold the groups of people intently watching the three crosses. We are at once reminded of the different groups about the cross. 
John XIX : 25, 26; Matt. XXVII : 36, 55, 56. The few friends of Jesus were looking on ; the taunting multitude was reviling him from the neighboring rocks and 
hills ; the Roman soldiers were sitting and watching him, for whose garments they had just cast lots. We can imagine the consternation that spread amongst these 

vrntrhinc crt-Ai’n< u?hf>n nhmit flip civth hour infpncp ilnrlcncnrpiiil m/pr nil nnfurA 


VIEW NORTHEASTWARD FROM JERUSALEM.—From the same standpoint our eyes are now fixed upon the central scene, 
company, while behind them, bearing a staff, is the beloved disciple to whom Jesus from the cross commended his mother, 
and Nicodemus. 

casting lots for Jesus’ garments. 

“ The spikes rankled, the wounds inflamed, the local injury produced a general fever, the fever a most intolerable thirst; 


On the left are the women of (Jurist's 
To his left we see Joseph of Arimathea 
At their backs we see the Roman soldiers in the act of 


To the right of this group is the centurion ; to his right Lazarus supporting his sister. 

A corner of the city wall is visible in the distance. Crucifixion is called the masterpiece of all the devices of a cruel imagination. 

and through all of this the sufferer could 




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VIEW OF Jerusalem, LOOKING Eastward.—S till maintaining the same position, we turn our eyes upon the great city as it appeared from the tragic ground of 
the Crucifixion. We obtain an excellent view of the north wall and buildings of prominence. I11 the background is the sacred Mount of Olives, upon whose side, 
just beyond the round watch-tower on the right, is visible the famous road that winds towards Bethany, the road so frequently trodden by the Man of Sorrows who 
now hangs upon the cross. Just a little to the left is Herod’s Temple, a magnificent monument of architecture and wealth, but soon to fall in indiscriminate ruins. 

Thf* rnmmanrlincr ctrrrtnr#* in thp miHHlf* xx/ith nrnminAnt cmioro tr»wA»rc ic tho ,-ito^ol nf A n+Anlrt If fl-»of Dilo+^’o K-11 1 1 tU 


VIEW of JERUSALEM, LOOKING SOUTHWESTWARD; — We are now completing our view of the great city as it appeared on the day of the Crucifixion, 
most prominent structure now before us is the white marble palace of Herod the Great. The blood-thirsty monarch tried to atone for his manv atrocities by adorning 
Jerusalem with beautiful buildings. He restored Solomon’s Temple and covered its front with gold. This palace was probably erected on the sight of Solomon'" 
magnificent home and was the family residence of the Herods. The town on the right is the tov/n of Phasaelus ; that on the left, the town of Mariamne the wife ol 


The 


VIEW OF JERUSALEM, LOOKING Southeastward.—W e turn our eyes in a southeastward direction and obtain another view of the city. We now see lower 
ground ; the depression in the city before us is the 1 yropean valley. The foreground gives us an excellent conception of the camp-life of the pilgrims who journeved 
to the sacred city upon great feast occasions, like the present. We see the camel’s hair tents and the various equipments of Oriental life, 
doubtless bivouacked about these walls at this festive season. On the left is an excellent view of the celehmte.l nnmnc-i.c oi,„„.:„ 


VIEW of JERUSALEM, LOOKING Southward. —Turning our gaze still further south along the city walls, we see other buildings of historic interest. On the 
extreme left, almost concealed by the foliage of a tree, is the palace of Annas, the ex-high priest, before whom our Lord had his first hearing (John XVIII : 13), and who 
sent him, bound, to Caiaphas. The rising ground in the rear of this picture, on the right, is a portion of Mount Zion. The dark building that appears so massive in 


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